Bilingualism (Wolof and French) Biculturalism (Africa/Europe)；multi-dimensional figures ； haunted by the repressive colonial past and the onslaught of globalization in Africa；“The extraordinary satire of these corrupt classes…is explicitly marked as the failure of the independence movement to develop into a general social revolution” ；National autonomy was the only conceivable goal; “social regeneration which has not yet found its agent”; Impotence as metaphor forlack of external control by independent Senegal.